[古籍] | 《治水必躬亲》全文、注释、翻译和赏析

[古籍] | 《治水必躬亲》全文、注释、翻译和赏析

《治水必躬亲》是中国古代一部关于水利工程的经典著作，作者不详，成书于战国时期。该书详细记载了水利工程的技术要领和管理方法，对后世的水利建设产生了深远影响。本文将全文展示《治水必躬亲》，并对全文进行注释、翻译和赏析。

一、全文

治水必躬亲，乃国家之大政也。夫水者，天地之精，阴阳之所交也。故治水者，必先明其理，然后可以施其政。水之行，有常道，有非常道。常道者，地高水低，自西而东，自南而北，自北而南，自东而西，顺其性而导之，使水不壅不溢，各得其所。非常道者，地势不均，水道不畅，则须因势利导，疏浚沟渠，筑堤防溢，以保民安。

治水之道，有五事：一曰察地形，二曰量水势，三曰选工程，四曰定规制，五曰严法度。察地形者，必先观山川之势，察土壤之性，辨地势之高下，以定水之来去。量水势者，必先测水之深浅，观水之广狭，审水之缓急，以定水之蓄泄。选工程者，必先考工之巧，量材之宜，辨工之难易，以定工程之大小。定规制者，必先立法制，定章程，明赏罚，以正工程之秩序。严法度者，必先设官职，定职责，严法纪，以保工程之安全。

凡治水之事，必躬亲之。躬亲者，谓亲临现场，察其事之得失，督其工之勤惰，以知其成败之故。若不躬亲，则必误事。故曰：“治水必躬亲，不可委之他人。”夫水者，国之命脉也，民之生命也。治水不善，则国亡民危。故治水者，不可不慎也。

二、注释

1. 躬亲：亲自，亲身。

2. 地高水低：地势高低不平，水自然流向低处。

3. 自西而东：从西向东。

4. 自南而北：从南向北。

5. 自北而南：从北向南。

6. 自东而西：从东向西。

7. 顺其性而导之：顺着水的自然流向引导。

8. 不壅不溢：不让水堵塞也不让水泛滥。

9. 地势不均：地势不平坦。

10. 因势利导：根据形势的变化引导。

11. 疏浚沟渠：疏通和清理河道。

12. 筑堤防溢：筑堤坝以防水溢出。

13. 躬亲之：亲自去做。

14. 国之命脉：国家的生命线。

15. 民之生命：民众的生命。

三、翻译

Water management must be done personally, for it is a major policy of the state. Water is the essence of the earth and the intersection of yin and yang. Therefore, those who manage water must first understand its principles before they can implement their policies. The flow of water has both common paths and unusual paths. Common paths refer to the situation where the land is high and the water is low, and water naturally flows from west to east, from south to north, from north to south, and from east to west, following its nature to guide it so that water does not block or overflow, and each place receives its due share. Unusual paths refer to situations where the terrain is uneven and waterways are not smooth, and then it is necessary to guide according to the situation, dredge canals, build embankments to prevent overflow, and ensure the safety of the people.

The principles of water management include five aspects: first, investigate the terrain; second, measure the water's power; third, select projects; fourth, determine regulations; fifth, implement strict laws and regulations. Investigating the terrain involves first observing the terrain of mountains and rivers, examining the nature of the soil, distinguishing the heights and lows of the terrain, and determining the source and destination of water. Measuring the water's power involves first measuring the depth and width of the water, observing its speed, and determining its storage and release. Selecting projects involves first examining the skill of the work, measuring the suitability of materials, and distinguishing the difficulty of the work to determine the size of the project. Determining regulations involves first establishing laws and regulations, setting up procedures